脑瘫一
WhatisCerebralPalsy?
什么是脑瘫?
Cerebralpalsyreferstoagroupofneurologicaldisordersthatappearininfancyorearlychildhoodandpermanentlyaffectbodymovementandmusclecoordination.Cerebralpalsy(CP)iscausedbydamagetoorabnormalitiesinsidethedevelopingbrainthatdisruptthebrain’sabilitytocontrolmovementandmaintainpostureandbalance.Thetermcerebralreferstothebrain;palsyreferstothelossorimpairmentofmotorfunction.脑瘫是指一组神经系统疾患，出现在婴儿或儿童早期，并永久影响身体运动和肌肉协调。脑瘫(CP)是由大脑发育时损伤或异常，破坏了大脑控制运动和保持姿势及维持平衡的能力。“大脑”这个词指的是脑部；瘫痪是指运动功能的丧失或损害。
Cerebralpalsyaffectsthemotorareaofthebrain’souterlayer(calledthecerebralcortex),thepartofthebrainthatdirectsmusclemovement.
脑瘫影响大脑外层(称为大脑皮层)的运动区域，这是大脑中控制肌肉运动的部分。
Insomecases,thecerebralmotorcortexhasn’tdevelopednormallyduringfetalgrowth.Inothers,thedamageisaresultofinjurytothebraineitherbefore,during,orafterbirth.Ineithercase,thedamageisnotrepairableandthedisabilitiesthatresultarepermanent.
在某些案例中，大脑运动皮层在胎儿生长期间没有正常发育。在另外一些案例中，这种损伤是出生前、出生中或出生后大脑损伤的结果。在这两种案例中，损伤都是不可修复的，导致的残疾是永久性的。
ChildrenwithCPexhibitawidevarietyofsymptoms,including:
患有脑瘫的儿童表现出各种各样的症状，包括:
lackofmusclecoordinationwhenperformingvoluntarymovements(ataxia);在进行随意运动时肌肉缺乏协调(共济失调);
stiffortightmusclesandexaggeratedreflexes(spasticity);肌肉僵硬或紧绷，反射过度(痉挛);
weaknessinoneormorearmorleg;一条或多条胳膊或腿无力;
walkingonthetoes,acrouchedgait,ora“scissored”gait;踮着脚尖走路、蹲着走路或交叉走路;
variationsinmuscletone,eithertoostiffortoofloppy;肌肉张力的变化，要么太硬，要么太软;
excessivedroolingordifficultiesswallowingorspeaking;流口水过多或吞咽或说话困难;
shaking(tremor)orrandominvoluntarymovements;颤抖(震颤)或胡乱地不自主运动;
delaysinreachingmotorskillmilestones;and达到运动技能里程碑的延迟；并
difficultywithprecisemovementssuchaswritingorbuttoningashirt.很难做出精确的动作，比如写字或扣衬衫扣子。
ThesymptomsofCPdifferintypeandseverityfromonepersontothenext,andmayevenchangeinanindividualovertime.Symptomsmayvarygreatlyamongindividuals,dependingonwhichpartsofthebrainhavebeeninjured.Allpeoplewithcerebralpalsyhaveproblemswithmovementandposture,andsomealsohavesomelevelofintellectualdisability,seizures,andabnormalphysicalsensationsorperceptions,aswellasothermedicaldisorders.PeoplewithCPalsomayhaveimpairedvisionorhearing,andlanguage,andspeechproblems.
脑瘫症状的类型和严重程度因人而异，在某人身上甚至可能随着时间的推移发生变化。每个人的症状可能有很大的不同，这取决于大脑的哪个部分受到了损伤。所有脑瘫患者都有运动和姿势方面的问题，有些人还存在一定程度的智力残疾、癫痫、异常的身体感觉或知觉，以及其他医学障碍。脑瘫患者也可能有视力或听力受损、语言和言语问题。
CPistheleadingcauseofchildhooddisabilities,butitdoesn’talwayscauseprofounddisabilities.WhileonechildwithsevereCPmightbeunabletowalkandneedextensive,lifelongcare,anotherchildwithmildCPmightbeonlyslightlyawkwardandrequirenospecialassistance.Thedisorderisn’tprogressive,meaningitdoesn’tgetworseovertime.However,asthechildgetsolder,certainsymptomsmaybe
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